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Which of the following are not considered valid IP addresses?

  1. 145.8.260.7

  2. 45.22.156.256

  3. 257.0.122.55

  4. All of the above

The correct answer is: All of the above

An IP address consists of four octets, each ranging from 0 to 255 in decimal form. Valid IP addresses must adhere strictly to this format, ensuring that each octet does not exceed the maximum value of 255. In the options provided, all examples feature at least one octet that exceeds this limit. For instance, 145.8.260.7 contains the octet 260, which is not permissible. Similarly, 45.22.156.256 has the octet 256, and 257.0.122.55 includes the octet 257. Since all of these examples are invalid by virtue of their octet values exceeding 255, it is accurate to conclude that none of the listed addresses qualify as valid IP addresses. Thus, the correct response includes that all listed addresses are invalid, confirming that the choice identifying all of the above as invalid IP addresses is indeed the right answer.